Peter A. Stokes

Monographs

1. English Vernacular Minuscule from Æthelred to Cnut, circa 990 – circa 1035, Publications of the Manchester Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies 14 (Cambridge, 2014). xii + 207 pp., incl. indexes, glossary, 10 figs. and 20 plates. ISBN: 9781843843696
   • Awareded the International Society of Anglo-Saxonists (ISAS, now ISSEME) Prize for Best Research Aid (2015).
   • Selected Reviews:
     • P.W. Conner, Review of English Studies 66 (2015): 766–7. doi:10.1093/res/hgv014
     • F.J. Steele, The Medieval Review 15.05.04. <http://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/tmr/article/view/18874/24984>
     • J. Willoughby, Association for Manuscripts and Archives in Research Collections [AMARC] Newsletter 64 (2015): 24–6. <http://www.amarc.org.uk/Newsletter64.pdf>
     • E. Kwakkel, Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies 91:2 (2016): 561–2. doi:10.1086/685532

Major Digital Resources (as Project Leader, Principal Investigator or Co-Investigator)

'Major' resources defined as those comprising significant intellectual leadership, and requiring intellectual effort sustained over several years comparable to that necessary for a monograph.

1. Co-Director: eScriptorium. École Pratique des Hautes Études (2019–). Available at <https://gitlab.com/scripta/escriptorium/> Software for Automatic Text Recognition (OCR/HTR) optimised for historical and non-Latin scripts.
2. Co-Investigator: Exon: The Domesday Survey of South-West England, ed. by P.A. Stokes, Studies in Domesday, gen ed. J. Crick (London, 2018). Available at <http://www.exondomesday.ac.uk>.
   • Awarded the Devon and Cornwall Record Society prize: The Holdsworth Claret (awarded to Prof. Julia Crick, project Principal Investigator, 2018). <https://www.exeter-cathedral.org.uk/news-events/latest-news/holdsworth-claret-award-exon-domesday-project/>
3. Co-Investigator: Models of Authority: Scottish Charters and the Emergence of Government 1100–1250. King's College London (2015–17). Available at <http://www.modelsofauthority.ac.uk>.
4. Project leader: Archetype [formerly The DigiPal Framework] (open-source software for the analysis and presentation of palaeographical material and texts). King's College London (2014–18). Available at <https://github.com/kcl-ddh/digipal/wiki>. Archival copy (Version 2.7) available at doi:10.5281/zenodo.5586696
   • Awarded the Medieval Academy of America prize for best Digital Humanities project (2016).
5. Principal Investigator: Digital Resource and Database for Palaeography, Manuscripts and Diplomatic. King's College London (2011–14). Available at <http://digipal.eu/>.
6. Sole Analyst and Developer: HandAnalyser and ImageViewer software (2009). Available at <http://sourceforge.net/projects/handanalyser/> Java software for quantitative palaeographical analysis and for viewing and enhancing images of damaged manuscripts, as described in contributions to Rehbein et al. and Carruthers et al. respectively.

Edited Volumes and Special Issues

1. A. Pinche and P.A. Stokes (eds), Documents historiques et reconnaissance automatique de texte / Historical Documents and Automatic Text Recognition. Special Issue of Journal of Digital Humanities and Data Management (2023–24). Available at <https://jdmdh.episciences.org/page/documents-historiques-et-reconnaissance-automatique-de-textes>.
   • Includes A. Pinche and P.A. Stokes, Historical Documents and Automatic Text Recognition: Introduction, 11pp. doi:10.46298/jdmdh.13247

Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles

1. Stokes, P.A., B. Kiessling, D. Stökl Ben Ezra, R. Tissot, and H. Gargem. The eScriptorium VRE for Manuscript Cultures, in Ancient Manuscripts and Virtual Research Environments, ed. Claire Clivaz and Garrick V. Allen. Special issue of Classics@ 18 (2021). <https://classics-at.chs.harvard.edu/the-escriptorium-vre-for-manuscript-cultures/>
2. Holistically Modelling the Medieval Book: Towards a Digital Contribution, Anglia: Zeitschrift für Englische Philologie 139 (2021): 6–31. doi:10.1515/ang-2021-0002
3. On Digital and Computational Humanities for Manuscript Studies: Where Have we Been, Where are we Going?, Manuscript Cultures 15 (2020): 37–46. <https://www.csmc.uni-hamburg.de/publications/mc/files/articles/mc15-04-stokes.pdf>
4. P.A. Stokes and Geoffroy Noël, Exon Domesday : Méthodes numériques appliquées à la codicologie pour l'étude d'un manuscrit anglo-normand. Tabularia : Sources écrites des mondes normands médiévaux [s.n.] (2019), 23pp. doi:10.4000/tabularia.4118
5. Scribal Attribution Across Multiple Scripts: A Digitally-Aided Approach, Speculum 92 (2017): S65–85. doi:10.1086/693968
6. Digital Approaches to Palaeography and Book History: Some Challenges, Present and Future, Frontiers in Digital Humanities 2:5 (2015). doi:10.3389/fdigh.2015.00005 'Specialty Grand Challenge' article
7. T. Blanke, E. Pierazzo and P.A. Stokes, Digital Publishing: Experiences in the Digital Humanities, Logos 25 (2014): 16–27. doi:10.1163/1878-4712-11112041
8. T. Hassner, M. Rehbein, P.A. Stokes and L. Wolf (eds), Computation and Palaeography: Potentials and Limits, Dagstuhl Manifestos 2 (2013): 14–35. doi:10.4230/DagMan.2.1.14 Full-length peer-reviewed version
   • Summary published in Informatik Spektrum 36:2 (2013): 196–98. doi:10.1007/s00287-013-0690-3
   • Reprinted in Kodikologie und Paläographie im Digitalen Zeitalter 3 — Codicology and Palaeography in the Digital Age 3, ed. by O. Duntze et al. Schriften des Instituts für Dokumentologie und Editorik 10 (Norderstedt, 2015), pp. 1–27. urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-76986
9. The Vision of Leofric: Manuscript Text and Context, Review of English Studies 63 (2012): 529–50. doi:10.1093/res/hgr052. Open Access copy also available
10. The Problem of Grade in Post-Conquest Vernacular Minuscule, New Medieval Literatures 13 (2011): 23–47. doi:10.1484/J.NML.1.102438
11. Digital Resource and Database for Palaeography, Manuscripts and Diplomatic, Gazette du livre médiéval 56–57 (2011): 141–2. doi:10.3406/galim.2011.1991
12. M. Maniaci et al., Table ronde. Applications actuelles de l’informatique à la paléographie: quelles méthodes pour quelles finalité́s?, Gazette du livre médiéval 56–57 (2011): 119–30. <http://www.persee.fr/doc/galim_0753-5015_2011_num_56_1_1986>
13. The Digital Dictionary, Florilegium 26 (2009): 37–69. <http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/flor/article/view/18446/25553> A study of the use of technology in the Dictionary of Old English.
14. King Edgar's Charter for Pershore (AD 972), Anglo-Saxon England 37 (2008): 31–78. doi:10.1017/S0263675109990159. Open Access copy also available
15. Palaeography and Image Processing: Some Solutions and Problems, Digital Medievalist 3 (2007/8). doi:10.16995/dm.15
16. The Regius Psalter, 198v: A Reexamination, Notes & Queries 54 (2007): 208–11. doi:10.1093/notesj/gjm152
17. Shoots and Vines: Some Models for the Ascenders and Descenders of English Vernacular Minuscule, Quaestio: Selected Proceedings of the Cambridge Colloquium in Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic 5 (2005): 98–109.

Peer-Reviewed Proceedings and Chapters in Books

1. With Benjamin Kiessling, Sharing Data for Handwritten Text Recognition, in Routledge Companion to Digital Humanities in Practice, ed. by R. Lane et al. (London & New York, 2025), pp. 95–104. doi:10.4324/9781003327677-8. In proof
2. C. Trips and P.A. Stokes, From Original Sources to Linguistic Analysis: Tools and Datasets for the Investigation of Multlingualism in Medieval English, in Medieval English in a Multilingual Context: Current Methodologies and Approaches , ed. by S.M. Pons-Sanz and L. Sylvester, New Approaches to Historical Linguistics (London, 2023), pp. 49–91. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-30947-2_3
3. E. Pierazzo and P.A. Stokes, Old Books, New Books and Digital Publishing. In The Bloomsbury Handbook to the Digital Humanities, ed. by J. O'Sullivan (London: Bloomsbury, 2023), pp. 233–44. doi:10.5040/9781350232143.ch-22
4. Insular Script, in The Oxford Handbook of Latin Palaeography, ed. by R.G. Babcock and F. Coulson (Oxford, 2020): 213–33. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195336948.013.108
5. Palaeography, Codicology and Stemmatology, in Handbook of Stemmatology: History, Methodology, Digital Approaches, ed. by P. Roelli. (De Gruyter, 2020), pp. 46–56. doi:10.1515/9783110684384-002
6. Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, 367, Part II: A Study in (Digital) Codicology, in Medieval Manuscripts in the Digital Age, ed. by B. Albritton, G. Henley, and E. Treharne, Digital Research in the Arts and Humanities (London, 2020), pp. 64–73. doi:10.4324/9781003003441-7
7. La paléographie et la diplomatique numérique pour l’exploitation d’un corpus de chartes : l’exemple de « Models of Authority », in Actes royaux et princiers à l'ère du numérique (Moyen Âge – Temps Modernes), ed. by O. Canteaut, O. Guyotjeannin and O. Poncet (Pau, 2020), pp. 71–78. <https://www.nakala.fr/nakala/data/11280/eae11732>
8. E. Pierazzo and P.A. Stokes, The New Textual Technologies, in A New Companion to the History of the Book, ed. by J. Rose and S. Elliott (Chichester, 2019), pp. 677–89. doi:10.1002/9781119018193.ch45
9. B. Kiessling, R. Tissot, P.A. Stokes and D. Stökl Ben Ezra, eScriptorium: An Open Source Platform for Historical Document Analysis, in ICDAR-OST: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Open Services and Tools for Document Analysis (2019): 19–24. doi:10.1109/ICDARW.2019.10032
10. Change and Variation in Eleventh-Century English Script, in Change in Medieval and Renaissance Scripts and Manuscripts, ed. by M. Schubert and E. Overgaauw, Bibliologia 50 (Turnhout, 2019), pp. 37–46.
11. Rule and Variation in Eleventh-Century Minuscule Script, in Ruling the Script: Formal Aspects of Medieval Written Communication (Books, Charters, and Inscriptions), ed. by S. Barret, D. Stutzmann and G. Vogeler. Utrecht Studies in Medieval Literacy 35 (Turnhout, 2016), pp. 489–508. doi:10.1484/M.USML-EB.5.112447
12. S. Brookes, P.A. Stokes, M. Watson, and Débora Marques de Matos, The DigiPal Project for European Scripts and Decorations, in Writing Europe 500–1450: Texts and Contexts, ed. by A. Conti, O. da Rold and P. Shaw. Essays and Studies n.s. 68 (2015): 25–58.
13. Palaeography and the "Virtual Library" of Manuscripts, in Digitizing Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture, ed. by B. Nelson and M. Terras. New Technologies in Medieval and Renaissance Studies 3 (Tempe, AZ, 2012), pp. 137–69.
14. Recovering Anglo-Saxon Erasures: Some Questions, Tools and Techniques, in Palimpsests and the Literary Imagination of Medieval England, ed. by L. Carruthers, R. Chai-Elsholz and T. Silec (New York, 2011), pp. 35–60.
15. Rewriting the Bounds: Pershore's Powick and Leigh, in Place-Names, Language and the Anglo-Saxon Landscape, ed. by N.J. Higham and M.J. Ryan (Woodbridge, 2011), pp. 195–206.
16. Teaching Manuscripts in the "Digital Age", in Kodikologie und Paläographie im Digitalen Zeitalter 2 — Codicology and Palaeography in the Digital Age 2, ed. by F. Fischer, C. Fritze and G. Vogeler, in collaboration with B. Assmann, M. Rehbein and P. Sahle. Schriften des Instituts für Dokumentologie und Editorik 3 (Norderstedt, 2010), pp. 229–45. urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-43521
17. E. Pierazzo and P.A. Stokes, Putting the Text back into Context: A Codicological Approach to Manuscript Transcription, in Kodikologie und Paläographie im Digitalen Zeitalter 2 — Codicology and Palaeography in the Digital Age 2, ed. by F. Fischer, C. Fritze and G. Vogeler, in collaboration with B. Assmann, M. Rehbein and P. Sahle. Schriften des Instituts für Dokumentologie und Editorik 3 (Norderstedt, 2010), pp. 397–430. urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-43605
18. Computer-Aided Palaeography, Present and Future, in Kodikologie und Paläographie im Digitalen Zeitalter — Codicology and Palaeography in the Digital Age, ed. by M. Rehbein, P. Sahle and T. Schaan, unter Mitarbeit von Bernhard Assmann, Franz Fischer and Christiane Fritze. Schriften des Instituts für Dokumentologie und Editorik 2 (Norderstedt, 2009), pp. 313–42. urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-29782. Full-length peer-reviewed version
    • Peer-reviewed summary published as Digital Humanities 2009: Conference Abstracts (College Park, MD, 2009), pp. 266–8. <https://archive.mith.umd.edu/dh09/wp-content/uploads/dh09_conferencepreceedings_final.pdf>
19. P.A. Stokes and E. Pierazzo, Encoding the Language of Landscape: XML and Databases at the Service of Anglo-Saxon Lexicography, in Perspectives on Lexicography in Italy and Europe, ed. by S. Bruti, R. Cella, and M. Foschi Albert (Newcastle, 2009), pp. 203–38.

Working Papers, Reports and Peer-Reviewed Abstracts

1. M. Bui, C. Brisson, A. Chagué, F. Constant, D. Stôkl Ben Ezra et P.A. Stokes, eScriptorium et l'AI pour la transcription automatique, Culture et Recherche 147 (2024): 55–57. <https://www.culture.gouv.fr/fr/Thematiques/enseignement-superieur-et-recherche/La-revue-Culture-et-Recherche/recherche-et-intelligence-artificielle>
2. Humanités numériques et computationnelles appliquées à l’étude de l’écrit ancien, a series of six articles to date in the Annuaire de l'École pratique des hautes études: Section des sciences historiques et philologiques:
   1. Annuaire 155 (2024): 522–28 doi:10.4000/11twe
   2. Annuaire 154 (2023): 517–24 doi:10.4000/ashp.6630
   3. Annuaire 153 (2022): 529–31 doi:10.4000/ashp.5750
   4. Annuaire 152 (2021): 506–8 doi:10.4000/ashp.4918
   5. Annuaire 151 (2020): 437–39 doi:10.4000/ashp.3997
3. Describing Handwriting in Context, and (with D. Stökl Ben Ezra) Hands-on Introduction to eScriptorium, an Open-Source Platform for HTR, Digital Humanities 2022 Conference Abstracts (Tokyo, 2022): 376–78 and 58–61 respectively. <https://dh2022.dhii.asia/dh2022bookofabsts.pdf>
4. Introduction aux humanités numériques, Annuaire de l'École pratique des hautes études: Section des sciences historiques et philologiques 150 (2019): 495–6. doi:10.4000/ashp.3276
5. eScriptorium : un outil pour la transcription automatique des documents. ÉpheNum : Veille, agenda et actualités des humanités numériques à l’EPHE (Marseille, 2020). <https://ephenum.hypotheses.org/1412>. English version available as RESILIENCE Tool: eScriptorium, RESILIENCE Project Blog (2020). <https://www.resilience-ri.eu/blog/resilience-tool-escriptorium/>
6. P.A. Stokes, D. Stökl Ben Ezra, B. Kiessling and R. Tissot, eScripta: A New Digital Platform for the Study of Historical Texts and Writing, in Digital Humanities 2019 Book of Abstracts (Utrecht, 2019). <https://dev.clariah.nl/files/dh2019/boa/0322.html>
7. P.A. Stokes, D. Marques de Matos and N. Jakeman, Analysing Visual Communication in Theory and Practice with Archetype, in Digital Humanities 2019 Book of Abstracts (Utrecht, 2019). <https://dev.clariah.nl/files/dh2019/boa/1059.html>
8. 'Modelling Multigraphism: The Digital Representation of Multiple Scripts and Alphabets', in Digital Humanities 2018 Book of Abstracts, ed. by J. Girón Palau and I. Galina Russell (Mexico City, 2018), pp. 292–96. PDF: <https://dh2018.adho.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/dh2018_abstracts.pdf> XML/HTML: <https://dh2018.adho.org/modelling-multigraphism-the-digital-representation-of-multiple-scripts-and-alphabets/>
9. P.A. Stokes, S. Brookes, G. Noël, J.R. Davies, T. Webber, D. Broun, A. Taylor, and J. Tucker The Models of Authority Project: Extending the DigiPal Framework for Script and Decoration, in Digital Humanities 2016: Conference Abstracts, ed. by Maciej Eder and Jan Rybicki (Krakow, 2016), pp. 896-99. <http://dh2016.adho.org/abstracts/387>
10. The Problem of Digital Dating: A Model for Uncertainty in Medieval Documents, in Digital Humanities 2015 Book of Abstracts (Sydney, 2015). <http://dh2015.org/abstracts/xml/STOKES_Peter_Anthony_The_Problem_of_Digital_Datin/STOKES_Peter_Anthony_The_Problem_of_Digital_Dating__A_M.html>. Author's typescript also available.
11. Describing Handwriting – Again, in Digital Palaeography: New Machines and Old Texts, ed. by T. Hassner, R. Sablatnig, D. Stutzmann and S. Tarte. Dagstuhl Reports 4:7 (2014): 127–8. doi:10.4230/DagRep.4.7.112
12. P.A. Stokes, S. Brookes, G. Noël, G. Buomprisco, D. Marques de Matos and M. Watson, The DigiPal Framework for Script and Image, Digital Humanities 2014 Book of Abstracts (Lausanne, 2014), pp. 512–14. <http://dharchive.org/paper/DH2014/Poster-193.xml>. Poster available at <http://www.digipal.eu/media/uploads/uploads/images/blog_posts/2014/DH2014%20Poster.pdf>.
13. B. Maher, K. Steinhofel and Peter Stokes, Automated Image Segmentation Methods for Digitally-Assisted Palaeography of Medieval Manuscripts. Technical Report TR-13-02, Dept. of Informatics and Dept. of Digital Humanities, King's College London (London, 2013). <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273063830_Automated_Image_Segmentation_Methods_for_Digitally-Assisted_Palaeography_of_Medieval_Manuscripts>
14. N. Levy, L. Wolf and P.A. Stokes, Document Classification Based on What is There and What Should Be There, in Digital Humanities 2013: Conference Abstracts (Lincoln, NE, 2013), pp. 279–82. <http://dh2013.unl.edu/abstracts/ab-303.html>
15. T. Hassner, M. Rehbein, P.A. Stokes and L. Wolf (eds), Computation and Palaeography: Potentials and Limits (Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 12382), Dagstuhl Reports 2 (2012): 184–199. doi:10.4230/DagRep.2.9.184
    • Includes P.A. Stokes, Bringing the Digital to Palaeography: Some Background and Challenges, pp. 156–7.
16. Modeling Medieval Handwriting: A New Approach to Digital Palaeography, in DH2012 Book of Abstracts, ed. by Jan Christoph Meister et al. (Hamburg, 2012), pp. 382–5. <http://www.dh2012.uni-hamburg.de/conference/programme/abstracts/modeling-medieval-handwriting-a-new-approach-to-digital-palaeography>
17. N. Levy, L. Wolf, N. Dershowitz and P.A. Stokes, 'Estimating the Distinctiveness of Graphemes and Allographs in Palaeographic Classification', in DH2012 Book of Abstracts, ed. by Jan Christoph Meister et al. (Hamburg, 2012), pp. 264–7. <http://www.dh2012.uni-hamburg.de/conference/programme/abstracts/estimating-the-distinctiveness-of-graphemes-and-allographs-in-palaeographic-classification/>
18. P.A. Stokes and Geoffroy Noël, Anglo-Saxon Cluster Project Report (London, 2010). <http://www.ascluster.org/techinfo/index.html> On integrating digital resources via web services for medieval studies.

Other Digital Resources and Data-Sets

1. CCCC-367 Collation Visualisation: Cambridge, Corpus Christi College MS 367, Initial Release, v1.0.0 (2018). doi:10.5281/zenodo.1411390
2. MS-Images, v.1.1 (2025). doi:10.5281/zenodo.3240509 Training notes for image manipulation using Python
3. Sole Analyst and Developer: The Electronic Sawyer (2010/11 release). <http://www.esawyer.org.uk/>, King's College London (2011).
4. Lead Analyst; Developer: Anglo-Saxon Cluster. <http://www.ascluster.org/>, King's College London (2010).
5. Research Associate; Database-related development: LangScape: The Language of Landscape: Reading the Anglo-Saxon Countryside. <http://www.langscape.org.uk/>, version 0.9 (2008).

See also other repositories at <https://github.com/pastokes/>.

Encyclopedia Entries, Booklets, and Book Reviews

1. Computational Palaeography and Codicology, Routledge Medieval Encyclopedia Online, ed. by S.K. Niskanen et al. (Abingdon, 2023). doi:10.4324/9780415791182-RMEO384-1
2. Three articles in the Handbook of Medieval Studies: Terms, Methods, Trends, ed. by A. Classen, 3 vols (Berlin, 2010).
   1. N.R. Ker, 3:2398–401. doi:10.1515/9783110215588.2398
   2. E.A. Lowe, 3:2484–87. doi:10.1515/9783110215588.2484
   3. Scripts, 2:1217–33. doi:10.1515/9783110215588.1217
3. Ten articles in The Literary Encyclopedia, ed. by R. Clark et al.:
   1. The Vercelli Book (2009): <http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=5767>
   2. The Beowulf Manuscript (2008): <http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=5552>
   3. Junius 11 (2008): <http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=5553>
   4. Codicology (2006): <http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=1679>
   5. Cynewulf (2006): <http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=1102>
   6. Sir Robert Cotton (2006): <http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=1034>
   7. John Joscelyn (2006): <http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=11743>
   8. Lawrence Nowell (2006): <http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=11744>
   9. Matthew Parker (2006): <http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=3481>
   10. Humfrey Wanley (2006): <http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=11742>
4. D.N. Dumville and P.A. Stokes, Liber Vitae Dunelmensis (Trial Version, 2 parts, Cambridge, ASNC 2001)
5. Review of A.R. Rumble, ed., Writing and Texts in Anglo-Saxon England (Woodbridge, 2006), for English Historical Review 124 (2009): 113–14. doi:10.1093/ehr/cen421
6. Review of D.P. O'Donnell, Cædmon's Hymn: A Multimedia Study, Edition and Archive (Woodbridge, 2005), for Digital Medievalist 5 (2009). doi:10.16995/dm.21

Academic Blogs

Blogs are multi-authored but lead or co-lead by me.

1. The eScripta Project Blog (Marseille, 2018–). <https://escripta.hypotheses.org>
2. ÉpheNum : Vielle, agenda et actualités des humanités numériques à l'EPHE (Marseille, 2015–). <https://ephenum.hypotheses.org> Lead by me since 2019.
3. The Exon Domesday Project Blog (London, 2015–18). <http://exondomesday.ac.uk/blog/>
4. The Models of Authority Project Blog (London, 2015–2017). <http://modelsofauthority.ac.uk/blog/>
5. The DigiPal Project Blog (London, 2010–19). <https://www.digipal.eu/blog/>
   • Includes P.A. Stokes, Describing Handwriting [10 Parts] (London, 2011–15). <http://www.digipal.eu/blogs/tag/describing-handwriting/>